Literature Review

Abboud, C., Duveau, A., Bouali-Benazzouz, R., Massé, K., Mattar, J., Brochoire, L., Fossat, P., Boué-Grabot, E., Hleihel, W., Landry, M., 2021. Animal models of pain: Diversity and benefits. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 348, 108997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108997
Aghighi, S.A., Tipold, A., Piechotta, M., Lewczuk, P., Kästner, S.B.R., 2012. Assessment of the effects of adjunctive gabapentin on postoperative pain after intervertebral disc surgery in dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 39, 636–646. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00769.x
Amadei, E., Cantile, C., Gazzano, A., Pierantoni, L., Mariti, C., 2021. The link between neurology and behavior in veterinary medicine: A review. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 46, 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2021.07.003
Amsellem, P., 2011. Complications of Reconstructive Surgery in Companion Animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Surgical Complications 41, 995–1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.05.005
Bazin, I., Desmarchelier, M., 2022. Retrospective study on the use of fluvoxamine in 72 dogs with anxiety disorders. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 50, 60–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2022.01.001
Beckman, B., 2013. Anesthesia and Pain Management for Small Animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Clinical Veterinary Dentistry 43, 669–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.02.006
Bell, A., 2018. The neurobiology of acute pain. The Veterinary Journal 237, 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.05.004
Bennett, C., Cook, N., 2019. Palliative Care Services at Home: Viewpoint from a Multidoctor Practice. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Advances in Palliative Medicine 49, 529–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.01.018
Berry, S.H., 2015. Analgesia in the Perioperative Period. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Perioperative Care 45, 1013–1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.04.007
Bertocci, G.E., Brown, N.P., Mich, P.M., 2017. Why Owners Choose an Orthosis Over Stifle Surgery for Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament Deficiency. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, SI:Canine Orthopedics 32, 130–138. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2017.10.002
Bleuer-Elsner, S., Medam, T., Masson, S., 2021. Effects of a single oral dose of gabapentin on storm phobia in dogs: A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Veterinary Record 189, e453. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.453
Boileau, C., Martel‐Pelletier, J., Brunet, J., Tardif, G., Schrier, D., Flory, C., El‐Kattan, A., Boily, M., Pelletier, J.-P., 2005. Oral treatment with PD-0200347, an α2δ ligand, reduces the development of experimental osteoarthritis by inhibiting metalloproteinases and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression and synthesis in cartilage chondrocytes. Arthritis & Rheumatism 52, 488–500. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20809
Bradbrook, C., Clark, L., 2018. State of the art analgesia—Recent developments pharmacological approaches to acute pain management in dogs and cats: Part 2. The Veterinary Journal 236, 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.04.009
Bray, C.W., Berryessa, N.A., Frederick, S.W., Savage, M.Y., 2022. Diagnosis and Conservative Management of Primary Lymphedema Resulting From Multiple Aplastic Lymphocenters in a Dog. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine 49, 100651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100651
Brioschi, F.A., Di Cesare, F., Gioeni, D., Rabbogliatti, V., Ferrari, F., D’Urso, E.S., Amari, M., Ravasio, G., 2020. Oral Transmucosal Cannabidiol Oil Formulation as Part of a Multimodal Analgesic Regimen: Effects on Pain Relief and Quality of Life Improvement in Dogs Affected by Spontaneous Osteoarthritis. Animals (Basel) 10, 1505. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091505
Bruecker, K.A., Benjamino, K., Vezzoni, A., Walls, C., Wendelburg, K.L., Follette, C.M., Déjardin, L.M., Guillou, R., 2021. Canine Elbow Dysplasia: Medial Compartment Disease and Osteoarthritis. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Forelimb Lameness 51, 475–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.12.008
Bulmer, D.C.E., Coelho, A.-M., Winchester, W.J., 2007. Approaches to the treatment of visceral pain. Drug Discovery Today: Therapeutic Strategies, Gastrointestinal diseases / Skin disorders 4, 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ddstr.2008.04.003
Cerda-Gonzalez, S., Dewey, C.W., 2010. Congenital Diseases of the Craniocervical Junction in the Dog. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Diseases of the Brain 40, 121–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.10.001
Chandler, K., 2006. Canine epilepsy: What can we learn from human seizure disorders? The Veterinary Journal 172, 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.07.001
Charalambous, M., Brodbelt, D., Volk, H.A., 2014. Treatment in canine epilepsy--a systematic review. BMC Vet Res 10, 257. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-014-0257-9
Charalambous, M., Shivapour, S.K., Brodbelt, D.C., Volk, H.A., 2016. Antiepileptic drugs’ tolerability and safety--a systematic review and meta-analysis of adverse effects in dogs. BMC Vet Res 12, 79. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-016-0703-y
Chauvet, A., 2020. Anatomy and Physiology of Neurogenic Pain. Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery 33, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asams.2020.01.001
Cloquell, A., Kaczmarska, A., Gutierrez-Quintana, R., José-López, R., 2021. Magnetic resonance imaging findings and clinical management of suspected intracranial hypovolemia after transfrontal craniotomy in a dog. Veterinary Surgery 50, 1696–1703. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13586
Crociolli, G.C., Cassu, R.N., Barbero, R.C., Rocha, T.L.A., Gomes, D.R., Nicácio, G.M., 2015. Gabapentin as an adjuvant for postoperative pain management in dogs undergoing mastectomy. J Vet Med Sci 77, 1011–1015. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.14-0602
Dewey, C.W., 2006. Anticonvulsant Therapy in Dogs and Cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Current Topics in Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 36, 1107–1127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.05.005
Dewey, C.W., Davies, E.S., Xie, H., Wakshlag, J.J., 2019. Canine Cognitive Dysfunction: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Advances in Palliative Medicine 49, 477–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.01.013
Downing, R., 2011. Pain Management for Veterinary Palliative Care and Hospice Patients. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Palliative Medicine and Hospice Care 41, 531–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.03.010
Epstein, M.E., 2014. Adjunctive, Pain-Modifying, Analgesic Drugs. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, Approaches to Pain Management 29, 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2014.07.001
Erickson, A., Harbin, K., MacPherson, J., Rundle, K., Overall, K.L., 2021. A review of pre-appointment medications to reduce fear and anxiety in dogs and cats at veterinary visits. Can Vet J 62, 952–960.
Fox, S.M., 2012. Painful Decisions for Senior Pets. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Geriatrics 42, 727–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.04.010
Gates, M.C., Littlewood, K.E., Kongara, K., Odom, T.F., Sawicki, R.K., 2020. Cross-sectional survey of anaesthesia and analgesia protocols used to perform routine canine and feline ovariohysterectomies. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 47, 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2019.06.008
Gaynor, J.S., 2008. Control of Cancer Pain in Veterinary Patients. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1429–1448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.06.009
Giudice, E., Crinò, C., Barillaro, G., Crupi, R., Macrì, F., Viganò, F., Di Pietro, S., 2019. Clinical findings in degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in ten dogs—A pilot study on the analgesic activity of tramadol and gabapentin. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 33, 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2019.05.004
Gomes, S.A., Lowrie, M., Targett, M., 2020. Single dose epidural methylprednisolone as a treatment and predictor of outcome following subsequent decompressive surgery in degenerative lumbosacral stenosis with foraminal stenosis. The Veterinary Journal 257, 105451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105451
Govendir, M., Perkins, M., Malik, R., 2005. Improving seizure control in dogs with refractory epilepsy using gabapentin as an adjunctive agent. Australian Veterinary Journal 83, 602–608. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb13269.x
Gregor, K.M., Knebel, A., Haverkamp, A.-K., Baumgärtner, W., Volk, H., 2022. Metastatic Canine Phaeochromocytoma with Unusual Manifestation. Journal of Comparative Pathology 192, 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.01.006
Hansen, B., 2008. Analgesia for the Critically Ill Dog or Cat: An Update. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1353–1363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.08.002
Harper, T.A.M., 2017. Conservative Management of Hip Dysplasia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Hip Dysplasia 47, 807–821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.02.007
Haug, L.I., 2008. Canine Aggression Toward Unfamiliar People and Dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Practical Applications and New Perspectives in Veterinary Behavior 38, 1023–1041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.04.005
Hechler, A.C., Moore, S.A., 2018. Understanding and Treating Chiari-like Malformation and Syringomyelia in Dogs. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine 33, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2018.03.002
Hellyer, P., Rodan, I., Brunt, J., Downing, R., Hagedorn, J., Robertson, S., 2007. AAHA/AAFP pain management guidelines for dogs and cats. Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 9, 466–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2007.09.001
Hudson, C.C., Lewis, D.D., Pozzi, A., 2020. Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis: Radius and Ulna. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Minimally Invasive Fracture Repair 50, 135–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.08.006
Johnson, B.A., Aarnes, T.K., Wanstrath, A.W., Ricco Pereira, C.H., Bednarski, R.M., Lerche, P., McLoughlin, M.A., 2019. Effect of oral administration of gabapentin on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs. Am J Vet Res 80, 1007–1009. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.80.11.1007
Johnston, S.A., McLaughlin, R.M., Budsberg, S.C., 2008. Nonsurgical Management of Osteoarthritis in Dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1449–1470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.08.001
Kalamaras, A.B., Aarnes, T.K., Moore, S.A., Jones, S.C., Pereira, C.R., Peng, J., Kieves, N.R., 2021. Effects of perioperative saphenous and sciatic nerve blocks, lumbosacral epidural or morphine–lidocaine–ketamine infusion on postoperative pain and sedation in dogs undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2021.02.004
Kartashova, I.A., Ganina, K.K., Karelina, E.A., Tarasov, S.A., 2021. How to evaluate and manage stress in dogs – A guide for veterinary specialist. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 243, 105458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105458
Kramer, B.M., Hellyer, P.W., Rishniw, M., Kogan, L.R., 2022. Anesthetic and analgesic techniques used for dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomies in general practice in the United States. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2022.07.010
KuKanich, B., 2013. Outpatient Oral Analgesics in Dogs and Cats Beyond Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs: An Evidence-based Approach. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 43, 1109–1125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.04.007
KuKanich, B., Bidgood, T., Knesl, O., 2012. Clinical pharmacology of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 39, 69–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00675.x
KuKanich, B., Cohen, R.L., 2011. Pharmacokinetics of oral gabapentin in greyhound dogs. The Veterinary Journal 187, 133–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.09.022
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Landsberg, G.M., DePorter, T., Araujo, J.A., 2011. Clinical Signs and Management of Anxiety, Sleeplessness, and Cognitive Dysfunction in the Senior Pet. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Palliative Medicine and Hospice Care 41, 565–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.03.017
Lascelles, B.D.X., Robertson, S.A., 2010. DJD-Associated pain in cats: What can we do to promote patient comfort? Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 12, 200–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2010.01.003
Lavely, J.A., 2014. Pediatric Seizure Disorders in Dogs and Cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Pediatrics 44, 275–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.10.004
Lavely, J.A., 2009. Priapism in Dogs. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, Reproduction 24, 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2008.11.001
Liatis, T., Gutierrez-Quintana, R., Mari, L., Czopowicz, M., Polidoro, D., Bhatti, S.F.M., Cozzi, F., Tirrito, F., Brocal, J., José-López, R., Kaczmarska, A., Cappello, R., Harris, G., Alves, L., Rusbridge, C., Rossmeisl, J.H., 2022. Primary orthostatic tremor and orthostatic tremor-plus in dogs: 60 cases (2003-2020). J Vet Intern Med 36, 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16328
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1) Gabapentin | Dog | Neuropathic Pain

Amadei, E., Cantile, C., Gazzano, A., Pierantoni, L., Mariti, C., 2021. The link between neurology and behavior in veterinary medicine: A review. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 46, 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2021.07.003
Cloquell, A., Kaczmarska, A., Gutierrez-Quintana, R., José-López, R., 2021. Magnetic resonance imaging findings and clinical management of suspected intracranial hypovolemia after transfrontal craniotomy in a dog. Veterinary Surgery 50, 1696–1703. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13586
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Gomes, S.A., Lowrie, M., Targett, M., 2020. Single dose epidural methylprednisolone as a treatment and predictor of outcome following subsequent decompressive surgery in degenerative lumbosacral stenosis with foraminal stenosis. The Veterinary Journal 257, 105451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105451
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Hellyer, P., Rodan, I., Brunt, J., Downing, R., Hagedorn, J., Robertson, S., 2007. AAHA/AAFP pain management guidelines for dogs and cats. Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 9, 466–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2007.09.001
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Loughin, C.A., 2016. Chiari-like Malformation. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Congenital Abnormalities of the Skull, Vertebral Column, and Central Nervous System 46, 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.10.002
Mathews, K., Kronen, P.W., Lascelles, D., Nolan, A., Robertson, S., Steagall, P.V., Wright, B., Yamashita, K., 2014. Guidelines for Recognition, Assessment and Treatment of Pain. Journal of Small Animal Practice 55, E10–E68. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12200
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Mauler, D.A., De Decker, S., De Risio, L., Volk, H.A., Dennis, R., Gielen, I., Van der Vekens, E., Goethals, K., Van Ham, L., 2017. Spinal Arachnoid Diverticula: Outcome in 96 Medically or Surgically Treated Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 31, 849–853. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14714
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Scaglione, J., Diaz, S.F., Bonagura, J.D., Kohnken, R.A., Helms, T.H., Cianciolo, R.E., 2018. Ischemic necrosis of the digits and hyperlipidemia associated with atherosclerosis in a Miniature American Shepherd. J Am Vet Med Assoc 253, 209–214. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.253.2.209
Sharun, K., Kumar, R., Chandra, V., Saxena, A.C., Pawde, A.M., Kinjavdekar, P., Dhama, K., Amarpal, null, Sharma, G.T., 2021. Percutaneous transplantation of allogenic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for the management of paraplegia secondary to Hansen type I intervertebral disc herniation in a Beagle dog. Iran J Vet Res 22, 161–166. https://doi.org/10.22099/ijvr.2021.38613.5620
Sharun, K., Rawat, T., Kumar, R., Chandra, V., Saxena, A.C., Pawde, A.M., Kinjavdekar, P., Amarpal, Sharma, G.T., 2020. Clinical evaluation following the percutaneous transplantation of allogenic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (aBM-MSC) in dogs affected by vertebral compression fracture. Veterinary and Animal Science 10, 100152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2020.100152
Shearer, T.S., 2011. A Case Report: Caring for a Golden Retriever with Nasal Cancer. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Palliative Medicine and Hospice Care 41, 689–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.03.016
Wagner, A.E., Mich, P.M., Uhrig, S.R., Hellyer, P.W., 2010. Clinical evaluation of perioperative administration of gabapentin as an adjunct for postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing amputation of a forelimb. J Am Vet Med Assoc 236, 751–756. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.236.7.751
Wolf, J.K., Early, P.J., Pozzi, A., Vigani, A., 2021. Ultrasound-guided paravertebral perineural glucocorticoid injection for signs of refractory cervical pain associated with foraminal intervertebral disk protrusion in four dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 258, 999–1006. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.258.9.999
Wyatt, S., Gonçalves, R., Gutierrez-Quintana, R., De Decker, S., 2018. Outcomes of nonsurgical treatment for congenital thoracic vertebral body malformations in dogs: 13 cases (2009-2016). J Am Vet Med Assoc 253, 768–773. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.253.6.768

1a) Gabapentin | Dog | CM/SM | Chiari-like Malformation and Syringomyelia

Hechler, A.C., Moore, S.A., 2018. Understanding and Treating Chiari-like Malformation and Syringomyelia in Dogs. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine 33, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2018.03.002
Loughin, C.A., 2016. Chiari-like Malformation. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Congenital Abnormalities of the Skull, Vertebral Column, and Central Nervous System 46, 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.10.002
Moore, S.A., 2016. Managing Neuropathic Pain in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 3, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2016.00012
Plessas, I.N., Rusbridge, C., Driver, C.J., Chandler, K.E., Craig, A., McGonnell, I.M., Brodbelt, D.C., Volk, H.A., 2012. Long-term outcome of Cavalier King Charles spaniel dogs with clinical signs associated with Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia. Vet Rec 171, 501. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.100449
Plessas, I.N., Volk, H.A., Rusbridge, C., Vanhaesebrouck, A.E., Jeffery, N.D., 2015. Comparison of gabapentin versus topiramate on clinically affected dogs with Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia. Veterinary Record 177, 288–288. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.103234
Rusbridge, C., Jeffery, N.D., 2008. Pathophysiology and treatment of neuropathic pain associated with syringomyelia. The Veterinary Journal 175, 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.12.007
Wolfe, K.C., Poma, R., 2010. Syringomyelia in the Cavalier King Charles spaniel (CKCS) dog. Can Vet J 51, 95–102.

2) Gabapentin | Dog | Osteoarthritic Pain [OA]

Boileau, C., Martel‐Pelletier, J., Brunet, J., Tardif, G., Schrier, D., Flory, C., El‐Kattan, A., Boily, M., Pelletier, J.-P., 2005. Oral treatment with PD-0200347, an α2δ ligand, reduces the development of experimental osteoarthritis by inhibiting metalloproteinases and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression and synthesis in cartilage chondrocytes. Arthritis & Rheumatism 52, 488–500. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20809
Brioschi, F.A., Di Cesare, F., Gioeni, D., Rabbogliatti, V., Ferrari, F., D’Urso, E.S., Amari, M., Ravasio, G., 2020. Oral Transmucosal Cannabidiol Oil Formulation as Part of a Multimodal Analgesic Regimen: Effects on Pain Relief and Quality of Life Improvement in Dogs Affected by Spontaneous Osteoarthritis. Animals (Basel) 10, 1505. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091505
Bruecker, K.A., Benjamino, K., Vezzoni, A., Walls, C., Wendelburg, K.L., Follette, C.M., Déjardin, L.M., Guillou, R., 2021. Canine Elbow Dysplasia: Medial Compartment Disease and Osteoarthritis. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Forelimb Lameness 51, 475–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.12.008
Fox, S.M., 2012. Painful Decisions for Senior Pets. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Geriatrics 42, 727–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.04.010
Harper, T.A.M., 2017. Conservative Management of Hip Dysplasia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Hip Dysplasia 47, 807–821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.02.007
Hellyer, P., Rodan, I., Brunt, J., Downing, R., Hagedorn, J., Robertson, S., 2007. AAHA/AAFP pain management guidelines for dogs and cats. Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 9, 466–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2007.09.001
Johnston, S.A., McLaughlin, R.M., Budsberg, S.C., 2008. Nonsurgical Management of Osteoarthritis in Dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1449–1470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.08.001
KuKanich, B., 2013. Outpatient Oral Analgesics in Dogs and Cats Beyond Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs: An Evidence-based Approach. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 43, 1109–1125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.04.007
Lamont, L.A., 2008. Adjunctive Analgesic Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1187–1203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.06.002
Mathews, K., Kronen, P.W., Lascelles, D., Nolan, A., Robertson, S., Steagall, P.V., Wright, B., Yamashita, K., 2014. Guidelines for Recognition, Assessment and Treatment of Pain. Journal of Small Animal Practice 55, E10–E68. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12200
O’Neill, D.G., Brodbelt, D.C., Hodge, R., Church, D.B., Meeson, R.L., 2020. Epidemiology and clinical management of elbow joint disease in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK. Canine Med Genet 7, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-020-0080-5
Ruel, H.L.M., Steagall, P.V., 2019. Adjuvant Analgesics in Acute Pain Management. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Alternatives to Opioid Analgesia in Small Animal Anesthesia 49, 1127–1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.07.005
Rychel, J.K., 2010. Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoarthritis. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, Chronic Pain 25, 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2009.10.005
Tryfonidou, M.A., de Vries, G., Hennink, W.E., Creemers, L.B., 2020. “Old Drugs, New Tricks” – Local controlled drug release systems for treatment of degenerative joint disease. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 160, 170–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2020.10.012

3) Gabapentin | Dog | Surgical Pain

Aghighi, S.A., Tipold, A., Piechotta, M., Lewczuk, P., Kästner, S.B.R., 2012. Assessment of the effects of adjunctive gabapentin on postoperative pain after intervertebral disc surgery in dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 39, 636–646. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00769.x
Beckman, B., 2013. Anesthesia and Pain Management for Small Animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Clinical Veterinary Dentistry 43, 669–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.02.006
Berry, S.H., 2015. Analgesia in the Perioperative Period. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Perioperative Care 45, 1013–1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.04.007
Bradbrook, C., Clark, L., 2018. State of the art analgesia—Recent developments pharmacological approaches to acute pain management in dogs and cats: Part 2. The Veterinary Journal 236, 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.04.009
Cloquell, A., Kaczmarska, A., Gutierrez-Quintana, R., José-López, R., 2021. Magnetic resonance imaging findings and clinical management of suspected intracranial hypovolemia after transfrontal craniotomy in a dog. Veterinary Surgery 50, 1696–1703. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13586
Crociolli, G.C., Cassu, R.N., Barbero, R.C., Rocha, T.L.A., Gomes, D.R., Nicácio, G.M., 2015. Gabapentin as an adjuvant for postoperative pain management in dogs undergoing mastectomy. J Vet Med Sci 77, 1011–1015. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.14-0602
Gates, M.C., Littlewood, K.E., Kongara, K., Odom, T.F., Sawicki, R.K., 2020. Cross-sectional survey of anaesthesia and analgesia protocols used to perform routine canine and feline ovariohysterectomies. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 47, 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2019.06.008
Gomes, S.A., Lowrie, M., Targett, M., 2020. Single dose epidural methylprednisolone as a treatment and predictor of outcome following subsequent decompressive surgery in degenerative lumbosacral stenosis with foraminal stenosis. The Veterinary Journal 257, 105451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105451
Hudson, C.C., Lewis, D.D., Pozzi, A., 2020. Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis: Radius and Ulna. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Minimally Invasive Fracture Repair 50, 135–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.08.006
Johnson, B.A., Aarnes, T.K., Wanstrath, A.W., Ricco Pereira, C.H., Bednarski, R.M., Lerche, P., McLoughlin, M.A., 2019. Effect of oral administration of gabapentin on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs. Am J Vet Res 80, 1007–1009. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.80.11.1007
Kramer, B.M., Hellyer, P.W., Rishniw, M., Kogan, L.R., 2022. Anesthetic and analgesic techniques used for dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomies in general practice in the United States. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2022.07.010
Lamont, L.A., 2008. Adjunctive Analgesic Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1187–1203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.06.002
Mathews, K., Kronen, P.W., Lascelles, D., Nolan, A., Robertson, S., Steagall, P.V., Wright, B., Yamashita, K., 2014. Guidelines for Recognition, Assessment and Treatment of Pain. Journal of Small Animal Practice 55, E10–E68. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12200
Otero, P.E., Portela, D.A., Fuensalida, S.E., Romano, M., Tarragona, L., Cavalcanti, M., Texeira, J.G., Jones, R., Guerrero, J.A., 2022. Pericapsular hip desensitization in dogs: A cadaveric study and case series. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2022.08.001
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Re Bravo, V., Aprea, F., Bhalla, R.J., De Gennaro, C., Cherubini, G.B., Corletto, F., Vettorato, E., 2019. Effect of 5% transdermal lidocaine patches on postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy. J Small Anim Pract 60, 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12925
Reader, R., Olaitan, O., McCobb, E., 2021. Evaluation of prescribing practices for gabapentin as an analgesic among veterinary professionals. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 48, 775–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2021.06.007
Romero‐Fernandez, N., José‐López, R., Durand, A., Gutierrez‐Quintana, R., 2017. Successful medical management of an epidural abscess in a dog. Veterinary Record Case Reports 5, e000448. https://doi.org/10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000448
Ruel, H.L.M., Steagall, P.V., 2019. Adjuvant Analgesics in Acute Pain Management. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Alternatives to Opioid Analgesia in Small Animal Anesthesia 49, 1127–1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.07.005
Sharun, K., Rawat, T., Kumar, R., Chandra, V., Saxena, A.C., Pawde, A.M., Kinjavdekar, P., Amarpal, Sharma, G.T., 2020. Clinical evaluation following the percutaneous transplantation of allogenic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (aBM-MSC) in dogs affected by vertebral compression fracture. Veterinary and Animal Science 10, 100152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2020.100152
Shearer, T.S., 2011. A Case Report: Caring for a Golden Retriever with Nasal Cancer. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Palliative Medicine and Hospice Care 41, 689–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.03.016
Trbolova, A., Ghaffari, M.S., Capik, I., 2017. Effects of premedication with oral gabapentin on intraocular pressure changes following tracheal intubation in clinically normal dogs. BMC Vet Res 13, 288. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1206-1
Wagner, A.E., Mich, P.M., Uhrig, S.R., Hellyer, P.W., 2010. Clinical evaluation of perioperative administration of gabapentin as an adjunct for postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing amputation of a forelimb. J Am Vet Med Assoc 236, 751–756. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.236.7.751

4) Gabapentin | Dog | Oncology Pain

Bennett, C., Cook, N., 2019. Palliative Care Services at Home: Viewpoint from a Multidoctor Practice. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Advances in Palliative Medicine 49, 529–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.01.018
Downing, R., 2011. Pain Management for Veterinary Palliative Care and Hospice Patients. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Palliative Medicine and Hospice Care 41, 531–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.03.010
Gaynor, J.S., 2008. Control of Cancer Pain in Veterinary Patients. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1429–1448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.06.009
Looney, A., 2010. Oncology Pain in Veterinary Patients. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, Chronic Pain 25, 32–44. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2009.10.008
Mathews, K., Kronen, P.W., Lascelles, D., Nolan, A., Robertson, S., Steagall, P.V., Wright, B., Yamashita, K., 2014. Guidelines for Recognition, Assessment and Treatment of Pain. Journal of Small Animal Practice 55, E10–E68. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12200
Monteiro, B.P., de Lorimier, L.-P., Moreau, M., Beauchamp, G., Blair, J., Lussier, B., Pelletier, J.-P., Troncy, E., 2018. Pain characterization and response to palliative care in dogs with naturally-occurring appendicular osteosarcoma: An open label clinical trial. PLoS One 13, e0207200. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207200

5) Gabapentin | Dog | Anxiolytic

Amadei, E., Cantile, C., Gazzano, A., Pierantoni, L., Mariti, C., 2021. The link between neurology and behavior in veterinary medicine: A review. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 46, 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2021.07.003
Bazin, I., Desmarchelier, M., 2022. Retrospective study on the use of fluvoxamine in 72 dogs with anxiety disorders. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 50, 60–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2022.01.001
Bleuer-Elsner, S., Medam, T., Masson, S., 2021. Effects of a single oral dose of gabapentin on storm phobia in dogs: A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Veterinary Record 189, e453. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.453
Dewey, C.W., Davies, E.S., Xie, H., Wakshlag, J.J., 2019. Canine Cognitive Dysfunction: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Advances in Palliative Medicine 49, 477–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.01.013
Erickson, A., Harbin, K., MacPherson, J., Rundle, K., Overall, K.L., 2021. A review of pre-appointment medications to reduce fear and anxiety in dogs and cats at veterinary visits. Can Vet J 62, 952–960.
Haug, L.I., 2008. Canine Aggression Toward Unfamiliar People and Dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Practical Applications and New Perspectives in Veterinary Behavior 38, 1023–1041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.04.005
Kartashova, I.A., Ganina, K.K., Karelina, E.A., Tarasov, S.A., 2021. How to evaluate and manage stress in dogs – A guide for veterinary specialist. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 243, 105458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105458
Kramer, B.M., Hellyer, P.W., Rishniw, M., Kogan, L.R., 2022. Anesthetic and analgesic techniques used for dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomies in general practice in the United States. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2022.07.010
Landsberg, G.M., DePorter, T., Araujo, J.A., 2011. Clinical Signs and Management of Anxiety, Sleeplessness, and Cognitive Dysfunction in the Senior Pet. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Palliative Medicine and Hospice Care 41, 565–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.03.017
Shearer, T.S., 2011. A Case Report: Caring for a Golden Retriever with Nasal Cancer. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Palliative Medicine and Hospice Care 41, 689–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.03.016
Stollar, O.O., Moore, G.E., Mukhopadhyay, A., Gwin, W., Ogata, N., 2022. Effects of a single dose of orally administered gabapentin in dogs during a veterinary visit: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. J Am Vet Med Assoc 260, 1031–1040. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.21.03.0167
Violette, N.P., Newbold, G.M., Chen, C., Miller, E.J., Gemensky-Metzler, A.J., 2022. Effects of gabapentin and trazodone on electroretinographic responses in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 83, ajvr.22.03.0047. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.22.03.0047
Watson, F., Rusbridge, C., Packer, R.M.A., Casey, R.A., Heath, S., Volk, H.A., 2018. A review of treatment options for behavioural manifestations of clinical anxiety as a comorbidity in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. The Veterinary Journal 238, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.06.001

6) Gabapentin | Dog | Complex Epilepsy [AED]

Chandler, K., 2006. Canine epilepsy: What can we learn from human seizure disorders? The Veterinary Journal 172, 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.07.001
Charalambous, M., Brodbelt, D., Volk, H.A., 2014. Treatment in canine epilepsy--a systematic review. BMC Vet Res 10, 257. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-014-0257-9
Charalambous, M., Shivapour, S.K., Brodbelt, D.C., Volk, H.A., 2016. Antiepileptic drugs’ tolerability and safety--a systematic review and meta-analysis of adverse effects in dogs. BMC Vet Res 12, 79. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-016-0703-y
Govendir, M., Perkins, M., Malik, R., 2005. Improving seizure control in dogs with refractory epilepsy using gabapentin as an adjunctive agent. Australian Veterinary Journal 83, 602–608. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb13269.x
Lavely, J.A., 2014. Pediatric Seizure Disorders in Dogs and Cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Pediatrics 44, 275–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.10.004
Liatis, T., Gutierrez-Quintana, R., Mari, L., Czopowicz, M., Polidoro, D., Bhatti, S.F.M., Cozzi, F., Tirrito, F., Brocal, J., José-López, R., Kaczmarska, A., Cappello, R., Harris, G., Alves, L., Rusbridge, C., Rossmeisl, J.H., 2022. Primary orthostatic tremor and orthostatic tremor-plus in dogs: 60 cases (2003-2020). J Vet Intern Med 36, 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16328
Matar, K.M., Nicholls, P.J., Bawazir, S.A., Al-Hassan, M.I., Tekle, A., 2000. Effect of vigabatrin and gabapentin on phenytoin pharmacokinetics in the dog. Pharmacol Res 42, 517–521. https://doi.org/10.1006/phrs.2000.0713
Platt, S.R., Adams, V., Garosi, L.S., Abramson, C.J., Penderis, J., Stefani, A.D., Matiasek, L., 2006a. Treatment with gabapentin of 11 dogs with refractory idiopathic epilepsy. Veterinary Record 159, 881–884. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.159.26.881
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Thomas, W.B., 2010. Idiopathic Epilepsy in Dogs and Cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Diseases of the Brain 40, 161–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.09.004

Gabapentin | Supplementary Literature

Gabapentin 300mg Capsules | SPC | Accessesed 02/01/23: Online Version | https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4636/smpc Print Version | https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4636/smpc/print
Gabapentin Glenmark 50 mg/ml Oral Solution | SPC | Accessesed 02/01/23: Online Version: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/12121 | Print version: (https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/12121/smpc/print)

Gabapentin | Expert Opinion

1317822* | 220805 | Canine: Extrapolation of pharmacological properties in man and veterinary species. Some material employed in collating the data displayed here was taken from veterinary product datasheets or extrapolated from pharmacology texts.

Last Update: 1317822* | on 221012

Antimicrobial Guidance

EMA-AMR Classification: C Caution